Current State and Future Vision for EV Charging Infrastructure and Public Policy Guidance

Analysis, Challenges, Progress, and Planning with Comprehensive EV Charging Station Design/ Build Guide Included

As of August 2024, the electric vehicle (EV) charging landscape is evolving, but not without facing significant challenges. The global push towards electrification continues to accelerate, driven by both environmental mandates and the increasing adoption of EVs. However, a resurgence of consumer interest in combustion powered vehicles has affected this. Likely due to a combination of nostalgia and a desire for freedom of choice. Understandably highly valued, especially in the United States. As such, the development of charging infrastructure, particularly in the United States, has been uneven, creating bottlenecks that slow down progress for EV manufacturers as well as Charging Infrastructure contractors. Branded Business Models offers solutions for all of these issues within this article. Read on for more.

Overview of EV Charging Infrastructure in 2024
The United States has seen substantial growth in EV charging stations, with over 61,000 publicly accessible charging stations nationwide. This represents a more than twofold increase since 2020, but it still pales in comparison to the approximately 145,000 gasoline fueling stations across the country. Despite this growth, the ratio of EVs to charging stations remains concerning, particularly in states like California, where the demand for charging infrastructure far exceeds the available supply. This imbalance is a critical issue as more Americans adopt EVs, increasing the strain on existing charging networks.

Globally, the situation varies significantly. In regions like China and Europe, the growth of charging infrastructure has been more aligned with the increase in EV sales. In contrast, the U.S. has seen a slowdown in the expansion of public charging, with home charging still dominating. This disparity is partly due to political and economic factors, including the varying levels of government support and the strategic priorities of key industry players.

Economic and Political Factors
The EV charging industry is heavily influenced by both economic and political factors. In the U.S., the Biden-Harris Administration has made some investments in EV infrastructure, including a recent $1+ billion funding initiative aimed at expanding the national charging network. This funding is part of a broader strategy to deploy 500,000 public EV charging stations by 2030 and is essential for meeting the administration’s ambitious climate goals. However, the effectiveness of these efforts depends on how quickly and efficiently these funds can be deployed, particularly in underserved areas like rural communities.

Economic factors, such as the fluctuating costs of raw materials for batteries and the profitability of charging stations, also play a significant role. While the cost of key battery materials like lithium and cobalt has decreased, leading to lower battery costs, the overall profitability of EV charging stations remains a challenge. Many stations struggle to achieve financial viability without subsidies, especially in areas with lower EV adoption rates.

Additionally, regarding the political landscape, it remains to be seen how the upcoming U.S. elections in November 2024, may impact the future of EV infrastructure development. Continued bipartisan support will be crucial to maintaining the momentum in building out an exciting, future-forward and sustainable transportation infrastructure for the United States to be proud of.

The Importance of Comprehensive Planning
Given these challenges, comprehensive planning is more critical than ever. The “EV Charging Station Design/ Build Guide” included below is a tool for engineers and planners involved in developing EV infrastructure to build their own guides. This guide provides initial instructions on primary aspects of designing and building charging stations, from navigating utility interconnect policies to implementing advanced grid management techniques.

The guide is particularly valuable for its treatment of topics such as demand response integration, which helps manage grid stress during peak usage periods, and the integration of energy storage solutions that can buffer against fluctuations in energy demand. These elements are crucial for ensuring that charging stations are not only operational but also resilient and efficient.

Who Is this Article and Guide Designed for, Who Should be Reading this?
Anyone interested in or concerned about the future of EV’s, the US Highway System, or Consumer Freedom of Choice. The guide is intended for engineers, urban planners, and policymakers involved in the development and deployment of EV charging infrastructure. However, it is also relevant for designers, investors, utility companies, and even local governments seeking to understand the technical and regulatory landscape of EV charging.

For these audiences, the guide offers a roadmap to navigating the complexities of building charging stations that meet both current needs and future demands. By addressing everything from technical specifications to regulatory compliance, the guide ensures that all stakeholders are equipped to contribute to the creation of a robust and sustainable EV charging network.

Why Planning is Necessary
While the growth of EVs is outpacing the expansion of charging infrastructure, careful planning for charging station development is not just necessary—it is critical to the growth and development of the industry. Without a well-coordinated approach, the risk of infrastructure lagging behind EV adoption will lead to bottlenecks that slow the overall consumer adoption of electric mobility. Comprehensive guides like this one are indispensable in avoiding such pitfalls by framing the knowledge and strategy needed to build a reliable and future-proof charging network for EV’s in the US and Globally.

Benefits and Arguments for a Harmonized Future

• Urban Commuting: An individual living in a suburban area could use an electric vehicle to travel via the underground network into the city center, avoiding traffic congestion and contributing to lower emissions in urban zones.
• Interstate Travel: Families and individuals planning a cross-country road trip could enjoy the freedom of choice on the open road in their EV, combustion powered or Hybrid vehicles, using the existing highway system that continues to support long-distance travel, the excitement of a road trip and the general thrill of driving.
• Weekend Getaways: Enthusiasts of classic cars could take their cherished vehicles out on scenic routes, enjoying the performance and nostalgia of combustion powered engines, while knowing that their daily commuting needs in urban areas are met by a clean, efficient electric transportation network.
• Opportunity for Exercise and Outdoor Activities: With the strategic zoning of metropolitan areas and dedicated pathways for EVs, individuals would also find it easier to engage in exercise and outdoor activities. Biking, walking, and running trails could be integrated into these zones, providing safe and accessible routes that encourage a healthier lifestyle while reducing reliance on motor vehicles.
• Freedom of Choice and Maintenance of Heritage: Preserves the freedom of consumers to choose between electric, combustion-powered and hybrid vehicles. Ensures that the United States cultural heritage and traditions associated with classic and performance vehicles remain intact. By maintaining dedicated zones for combustion engines, the essence of American driving culture is protected while also embracing the advancements in electric mobility.

Balancing Freedom with Responsibility
This future, where EVs and combustion powered vehicles coexist, represents a balanced approach to mobility that respects both technological advancements and the cultural significance of traditional vehicles. By creating dedicated spaces for each mode of transportation, society can ensure that the future does not come at the expense of personal freedom or heritage.

Such planning is not only practical but necessary. It allows for the adoption of electric vehicles while maintaining the infrastructure and cultural elements that define the American driving experience. In this vision, consumer choice is at the forefront, empowering individuals to select the vehicle that best fits their need, lifestyle and use-case, whether that be an EV, Hybrid or combustion powered vehicle.

This approach could serve as a model for other nations, demonstrating that sustainability and tradition can coexist in a future where transportation options are as diverse as the people who use them.

Implementing this future may require significant investment and collaboration between public and private sectors. The development of underground EV pathways would demand new technologies and substantial infrastructure upgrades, possibly supported by federal and state funding initiatives. In exchange for stricter regulations on combustion powered vehicles in urban areas, we suggest long-term guarantees protecting combustion-powered zones and maintaining the interstate highway system. This compromise would ensure that while cities move towards cleaner transportation solutions, the heritage and freedom associated with combustion powered vehicles remain preserved. Additionally, guaranteed ongoing maintenance of these highways and zones allowing mixed use including combustion-power is essential. This will require a commitment to funding and policies that keep these routes accessible and safe for all users and vehicle types. This balanced approach would allow both EV and combustion powered vehicles to thrive in their respective environments, reflecting the diverse needs and preferences of both industry and the population it serves.

Final Thoughts
With continued investment and strategic planning, the goals of an electrified transportation network that is consumer driven as well as a transportation future that is exciting for everyone remain within reach. While the EV charging landscape in 2024 is marked by both progress and challenges, the future is optimistic and tools like the following EV Charging Station Design/ Build Guide and the Strategies Included in the Above Article are useful for those seeking to drive forward the necessary infrastructure and policy development.

Sources:

1. Pew Research Center – Information on the distribution and growth of EV charging stations in the United States, including comparisons between EV and gasoline fueling stations.
   • Source: Pew Research Center​ (Pew Research Center Article)
2. Roland Berger EV Charging Index 2024 – Insights into the global state of EV charging infrastructure, focusing on the development of charging stations in various regions and the challenges faced.
   • Source: Roland Berger​ (Roland Berger Article)
3. S&P Global – Discussion on the economic factors affecting the EV industry, including the cost of raw materials for batteries and the profitability of charging stations.
   • Source: S&P Global​ (S&P Global Article)
4. Joint Office of Energy and Transportation – Details on the Biden-Harris Administration’s funding initiatives for expanding the national EV charging network.
   • Source: Drive Electric – Joint Office of Energy and Transportation​ (Joint Energy & Transport Article)

Revised EV Charging Station Design/ Build Guide

1. Utility Interconnect Policies and Requirements
   • Pre-Application Work: Evaluate site-specific electrical requirements and consult with utility providers early to understand grid impact and necessary upgrades.
   • Application for Service: Submit detailed service applications, including electrical load forecasts and site plans, to the utility for approval.
   • Utility Review & Design: Collaborate with utility engineers to finalize interconnection designs, ensuring compliance with local codes and standards.
   • Permitting & Zoning: Secure all necessary local permits and zoning approvals, ensuring alignment with municipal regulations.
   • Utility Easements: Negotiate and document any required easements for utility access or equipment installation on private property.
   • Payment of Upgrade Costs: Agree upon and arrange payment for any grid upgrades or modifications required by the utility.
   • Construction: Coordinate with contractors to execute the interconnection construction per approved designs, ensuring all safety protocols are followed.
   • Local Government Inspection: Schedule and complete inspections by local authorities to ensure compliance with all relevant codes and standards.
   • Meter Installation, Inspection & Site Energization: Facilitate the installation of meters by the utility, conduct final inspections, and energize the site.
2. Utility Grid Stress Precautions Including Demand Response Integration Technologies
   • Demand response (DR) is broadly defined as a measure for reducing energy load in response to supply constraints, generally during periods of peak demand. In EV charging the program rewards you for using less energy during periods of peak demand.
   • Implement advanced demand response (DR) technologies to reduce energy consumption during peak periods. Utilize automated systems that dynamically adjust charging rates based on real-time grid conditions.
   • Explore grid-interactive technologies that enable bi-directional power flow, allowing EVs to serve as temporary energy storage during grid stress.
3. Role of Electrical Storage Devices as Charging Intermediaries
   • Electric storage devices allow charging station owners to maximize demand response programs and minimize stress on grid and owned infrastructure.
   • Integrate battery energy storage systems (BESS) to buffer the load on the grid, reduce peak demand charges, and enhance the reliability of the charging station. Select appropriate BESS based on capacity, charge/discharge cycles, and integration complexity.
4. Installing, Commissioning, and Maintaining Electric Storage Devices
   • Commissioning: Conduct thorough commissioning tests, including insulation resistance tests, functional performance checks, and integration with the charging management system.
   • Testing: Perform regular performance and safety tests, including thermal imaging for hot spots, voltage balancing, and capacity checks.
   • Maintenance: Implement a maintenance schedule that includes visual inspections, cleaning of terminals, firmware updates, and system diagnostics to ensure optimal performance and longevity.
5. EV Battery Types, Specifications, and Charging Characteristics (see 2022 research below for additional detail and direction)
   Understanding the diversity of battery types, capacity requirements, and charging standards is essential for developing a future-proof EV charging infrastructure. Engineers must consider these factors when designing and building charging stations to ensure compatibility, efficiency, and scalability.
   • Battery Types: Within the lithium-ion category, several variations exist, each offering unique characteristics that affect performance, cost, and compatibility with charging infrastructure. Be sure to accommodate operating parameters for all major battery chemistries including lithium-ion variations (e.g., NMC, LFP), as well as newer chemistries like solid-state batteries and understand their implications for charging infrastructure.
     • Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC): This variation balances energy density, safety, and cost, making it popular for many EVs. NMC batteries typically offer good thermal stability and long cycle life, making them suitable for a wide range of applications from small passenger vehicles to larger electric trucks. They require a robust charging infrastructure capable of managing their higher voltage and current levels.
     • Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP): Known for their long cycle life and thermal stability, LFP batteries are increasingly popular in applications where safety and longevity are prioritized over energy density. Their lower energy density requires more space for the same capacity as NMC batteries, but they offer a significant advantage in terms of safety and cost, especially in high-temperature environments.
     • Solid-State Batteries: As an emerging technology, solid-state batteries promise higher energy densities, improved safety, and faster charging times compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries. However, they are still in the development phase, with challenges in scalability and cost. The adoption of solid-state batteries will necessitate upgrades in charging infrastructure, as they may require different charging protocols and more advanced thermal management systems.
     • Other Chemistries: Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) and Lead-Acid batteries are largely considered outdated for modern EVs, but they still find use in hybrid vehicles and specific applications where cost is a primary concern. Ultracapacitors, though not batteries, are also being explored for their ability to deliver rapid bursts of power, potentially complementing battery systems in high-performance vehicles.
   • Capacity and Charging Rates: Battery capacity and charging rates are critical factors influencing the performance and usability of electric vehicles and charging infrastructure. Your stations’ ability to accommodate features like high-speed charging will affect consumer preferences for your services. Gather granular data on battery capacities across different vehicle classes, highlighting trends in higher capacity batteries and their impact on your charging infrastructure.
     • Battery Capacity: Battery capacities in modern EVs vary widely, from as low as 20 kWh in city-focused compact cars to over 200 kWh in high-performance models like the Tesla Model S Plaid or the GMC Hummer EV. Higher capacity batteries enable longer driving ranges but require more energy during charging, which can strain existing infrastructure if not properly managed.
     • Charging Rates: Charging rates are typically measured in kilowatts (kW) and can vary depending on the battery type and charging station. Level 2 chargers, commonly found in residential and commercial settings, provide charging rates between 3.3 kW and 19.2 kW, suitable for overnight charging. DC fast chargers, on the other hand, can deliver up to 350 kW, significantly reducing charging times but requiring advanced cooling and power management systems to avoid overheating.
     • Impact on Infrastructure: As battery capacities increase, the demand for high-power charging stations also rises. Charging stations must be equipped to handle higher currents and voltages, and must include cooling systems to manage the heat generated during rapid charging. Additionally, the electrical grid must be prepared to support the increased load, particularly in areas where multiple high-capacity vehicles may charge simultaneously.
   • Charging Standards: Ensuring compatibility with multiple charging standards including the latest advancements in CCS and CHAdeMO, and preparing for emerging standards that may affect your infrastructure in the future is crucial for the development of a robust and versatile EV charging infrastructure. The landscape of charging standards is diverse, and understanding their specifications is essential for an engineer designing charging stations.
     • Combined Charging System (CCS): CCS is a widely adopted standard in both Europe and North America, offering both AC and DC charging options through a single connector. CCS is designed to support future developments in charging technology, including ultra-fast charging up to 350 kW. Charging stations supporting CCS must be equipped to handle a wide range of power levels, from slow AC charging to high-speed DC charging.
     • CHAdeMO: Originating in Japan, CHAdeMO is another popular DC fast charging standard, particularly in Asian markets. It supports power levels up to 400 kW, although the future of CHAdeMO is uncertain as automakers increasingly adopt CCS. However, ensuring compatibility with CHAdeMO remains important, particularly in regions where it is still prevalent.
     • Tesla Supercharger: Tesla’s proprietary Supercharger network offers fast charging for Tesla vehicles, with power levels up to 250 kW. While Tesla has begun to open its Supercharger network to non-Tesla vehicles in some regions, charging stations need to consider adapter compatibility and integration challenges to support a wider range of vehicles.
     • Emerging Standards: As battery technology and vehicle designs evolve, new charging standards may emerge. Engineers must stay informed about developments in wireless charging, high-power charging (HPC), and potential new connector designs that could influence the future of EV charging infrastructure. Preparing for these advancements involves designing flexible charging stations that can be easily upgraded to support new standards.

Creating Your Own Use-case Specific Guide
This guide has been revised from the original research to add additional detail. In order to make your own guide even more comprehensive, additional levels of detail can be incorporated to cover specific technical, operational, and strategic aspects. Here’s how:

1. Utility Interconnect Policies and Requirements:
   • Detailed Step-by-Step Process: Break down each step into sub-steps, such as documentation needed for applications, detailed descriptions of the utility’s design review process, timelines, and typical bottlenecks.
   • Case Studies: Include real-world examples of interconnect projects, outlining challenges encountered and solutions implemented.
2. Utility Grid Stress Precautions:
   • Load Forecasting Models: Provide detailed methodologies for forecasting the load impact of EV stations on the grid. Include models and simulations that predict demand spikes.
   • Advanced Demand Response Techniques: Explore cutting-edge DR techniques, like vehicle-to-grid (V2G) systems, and discuss their implementation in various grid scenarios.
   • Impact Assessment: Include a section on assessing the potential impact of EV stations on local grids, covering both short-term and long-term scenarios.
3. Role of Electrical Storage Devices:
   • Storage Device Selection Criteria: Offer a comprehensive guide on selecting storage devices, including comparisons between different technologies (e.g., lithium-ion vs. flow batteries), cost analysis, and ROI predictions.
   • Integration Strategies: Discuss advanced integration strategies, such as hybrid systems combining storage with renewable energy sources, and their impact on grid stability and economics.
   • Regulatory Considerations: Provide insights into regulatory requirements for storage systems, including safety standards, environmental impact assessments, and compliance with energy market regulations.
4. Installing, Commissioning, and Maintaining Electric Storage Devices:
   • Commissioning Protocols: Include detailed commissioning protocols, covering all necessary tests (e.g., power quality analysis, harmonics testing, synchronization with the grid) and how to document the results.
   • Predictive Maintenance: Discuss the implementation of predictive maintenance techniques using IoT devices and data analytics to monitor the health of storage systems continuously.
   • Lifecycle Management: Provide guidelines on managing the lifecycle of storage devices, from initial deployment to end-of-life recycling or repurposing.
5. EV Battery Types, Specifications, and Charging Characteristics:
   • Emerging Battery Technologies: Discuss upcoming battery technologies such as solid-state batteries, their expected impact on charging infrastructure, and how to future-proof current designs.
   • Detailed Charging Profiles: Provide detailed charging profiles for different battery chemistries, including optimal charging curves, temperature management, and the impact of fast charging on battery life.
   • Standardization Efforts: Explore global efforts toward standardizing charging technologies and how these might influence station design in the future.

Additional Sections to Consider Adding to Your Own Guide:

1. Cybersecurity in EV Charging Infrastructure:
   • Threat Assessment: Analyze potential cybersecurity threats to EV charging stations, including data breaches, unauthorized access, and potential attacks on the grid.
   • Mitigation Strategies: Provide a comprehensive set of strategies to secure the charging infrastructure, including encryption, network segmentation, and regular security audits.
2. Economic and Environmental Impact Analysis:
   • Cost-Benefit Analysis: Include detailed cost-benefit analyses for installing EV charging stations, taking into account initial investment, operational costs, and potential revenue streams.
   • Environmental Impact Assessment: Provide methodologies for assessing the environmental impact of EV stations, including lifecycle analysis of storage devices and grid emissions.
3. Regulatory and Compliance Considerations:
   • Local and International Regulations: Outline the relevant regulations and standards (e.g., UL, IEC) for EV charging stations in different regions, and discuss compliance strategies.
   • Incentives and Subsidies: Include information on government incentives, subsidies, and tax benefits available for EV charging infrastructure, and how to apply for them.
4. Operational and Maintenance Strategies:
   • Operational Best Practices: Offer best practices for the day-to-day operation of EV charging stations, including customer management, troubleshooting, and service optimization.
   • Maintenance Schedules: Provide detailed maintenance schedules tailored to different components of the charging station, ensuring longevity and reliability.

By adding additional levels of detail according to your use case and specification, your guide will become an essential and comprehensive resource, suitable for both engineers and decision-makers involved in the design and operation of EV charging stations. Each section will provide not only the technical details but also strategic insights that could guide the entire project lifecycle, from conception to execution and maintenance.

Original EV Charging Station Design/ Build Guide/ Research Conducted by Branded Business Models
(from December 2022)

1. Utility interconnect policies and requirements.
   1. Pre-Application Work
   2. Application for Service
   3. Utility Review & Design
   4. Permitting & Zoning
   5. Utility Easements
   6. Payment of Upgrade Costs
   7. Construction
   8. Local Government Inspection
   9. Meter Installation, Inspection & Site Energization
2. Utility grid stress precautions including demand response integration technologies.
   1. Demand response (DR) is broadly defined as a measure for reducing energy load in response to supply constraints, generally during periods of peak demand. In EV charging the program rewards you for using less energy during periods of peak demand.
3. Role of electrical storage devices as charging intermediaries.
   1. Electric storage devices allow charging station owners to maximize demand response programs and minimize stress on grid and owned infrastructure.
4. Installing, commissioning, and maintaining electric storage devices.
   1. Commissioning, Testing, Maintenance
   2. Test of physical wiring and communication during commissioning and start-up.
   3. Monitor health data.
   4. Regular examination of interconnect cables and wiring for oxidation and degradation including associated repair.
5. EV battery types, specifications, and charging characteristics.
   1. Electric vehicle battery types:
      • Lithium-ion (Category including other battery types i.e. lithium polymer and other chemistries: phosphates, titanates, manganese, spinels, vanadium, silicon and nano tech, etc.)
        • This is the general battery type that most EV’s use. Though the specific chemistry can vary from manufacturer to manufacturer.
      • Nickel-metal hydride
      • Zebra
      • Ultracapacitors
      • Lead-acid
   2. Capacity
      • Plug-in hybrid cars have battery capacities between 4.4 kW⋅h (2012 Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid) and 40.6  kW⋅h (Li Auto One).
      • All-electric cars have battery capacities between 6.0 kW⋅h (2012 Renault Twizy) and 212.7 kW⋅h (2022 GMC Hummer EV[25]).
   3. Charging Cable Plug compatibility
      • There are currently different charging standards which are being used in the EV market. DC (Direct current) charging for fast charging and AC (Alternative Current) with lower capabilities. European and North American car maker are investing more in type 2 and CCS cables rather than CHAdeMo which is currently used by the Asian competitors. We could expect an uniformisation but this is unlikely to happen in the next 5 years. That’s why charging stations shall be compatible with multiple socket formats. These are the different available systems:
        • CCS (Combined Charging System): DC
        • Tesla: DC
        • CHAdeMO: DC
        • L2 – J1772: AC

Sources:
https://www.ferc.gov/industries-data/electric/power-sales-and-markets/demand-response
https://www.energy.gov/oe/services/electricity-policy-coordination-and-implementation/state-and-regional-policy-assistanc-4
https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric_batteries.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery
https://saascharge.com/what-are-the-most-important-characteristics-of-a-public-ev-charging-network/
www.irecusa.org – Mari Hernandez – EMERGING BEST PRACTICES FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGER INTERCONNECTON

Analysis of Initial Research
The provided guide appears to be well-structured and covers essential aspects of EV charging station design and build. However, there are several areas where additional details and clarity would benefit the guide, especially considering that it is intended for engineers.

1. Utility Interconnect Policies and Requirements:
   • This section outlines the steps for connecting to the utility grid, but it lacks detailed explanations of each step. Engineers may need more specifics about what is required for utility review, design, and local government inspection.
2. Utility Grid Stress Precautions:
   • The section mentions demand response integration but does not discuss specific technologies or methods for integrating demand response effectively. Including examples of demand response systems or technologies would be beneficial.
3. Role of Electrical Storage Devices:
   • The guide briefly touches on the role of storage devices but does not elaborate on the types of storage devices, their specifications, or how to integrate them with the EV charging stations. Detailed examples or guidelines on how to select and implement storage devices could be added.
4. Installing, Commissioning, and Maintaining Electric Storage Devices:
   • This section is quite brief and could benefit from more details about testing protocols, maintenance schedules, and specific monitoring tools or software.
5. EV Battery Types, Specifications, and Charging Characteristics:
   • The information on battery types and capacities is solid but could be expanded to include more recent developments in battery technology. Additionally, the discussion on charging standards is missing details about the potential future evolution of these standards.

Suggested Changes for Initial Design/ Build Guide

• Utility Interconnect Policies and Requirements: Include more detailed steps, possibly adding subsections for each item to guide engineers through the process.
• Utility Grid Stress Precautions: Provide specific examples of demand response technologies and detailed strategies for implementing them.
• Role of Electrical Storage Devices: Add detailed descriptions of different storage device types, including their benefits, integration challenges, and selection criteria.
• Installing, Commissioning, and Maintaining Electric Storage Devices: Expand on the commissioning process with detailed steps and include more information about maintenance tools and techniques.
• EV Battery Types and Charging Standards: Update the information with recent advancements in battery technology and provide more detail about the evolution of charging standards and their implications for future charging station designs.

Revised Guide
The revised guide in this article includes updated details for 2024 that will be useful for engineers and investors seeking to create their own plan to design, build, and maintain EV charging stations. It is also updated with additional direction for developing your own guide.